The Historical Context of a Dream Deferred
In 1951, the African-American poet and playwright Langston Hughes wrote a poem called “Harlem”, which is often referred to as “A Dream Deferred”. It is an exploration of what happens when dreams are deferred or delayed, and the poem is especially meaningful to those living in poverty or with limited resources. The poem is an important part of the literary canon and is often taught in classrooms and studied by literary scholars.
The poem contains eleven questions asking what happens to a person whose dreams are deferred. Each question is followed by a list of possible consequences. For example, the opening line of the poem suggests that a dream deferred might “dry up like a raisin in the sun”. This imagery draws a parallel between a dream being postponed and a raisin in the sun losing its moisture, becoming wrinkled and eventually evaporating into nothing.
The poem reflects the experiences of African Americans living in the United States during the 1950s and 60s. During these years, African Americans faced both institutional and individual racism. In many areas of the country, African Americans were systematically oppressed and denied access to basic privileges and opportunities. The consequences of this racism were wide-reaching, leading to limited economic mobility, poor education and housing options, and a general sense of hopelessness.
The poem’s title explicitly references the phrase “a Dream Deferred”, which was first used by African-American civil rights leader and activist W.E.B Du Bois in his 1903 book The Souls of Black Folk. In this book, Du Bois wrote that the African American dream was one that had been “deferred,” or suspended and postponed, following centuries of racism and oppression. By reviving Du Bois’ phrase and putting it in the title of his poem, Hughes was making a direct reference to the Black experience in America.
The poem does not provide a resolution, nor does it offer a way to fix the injustices faced by African Americans. Instead, it serves as an exploration of a dream deferred and its implications. The poem leaves readers with an unsettling sense of ambiguity and the impression that change is necessary, but that there are few options to bring it about.
The Meaning of a Dream Deferred
The meaning of a dream deferred depends on the reader’s interpretation of the poem and its historical context. Many argue that the poem’s central meaning is that a deferred dream can lead to a range of different outcomes, but all these outcomes are negative in nature. This interpretation is one that is in line with Hughes’ own understanding of the poem. In a 1957 interview, Hughes commented that the poem was “about the difficulties and frustrations which blight the lives of so many Negroes.”
The poem also speaks to the importance of dreams and how vital it is to never give up on them. Despite the difficult circumstances African Americans faced at the time, Hughes maintained that their dreams were worth chasing and preserving. To discourage people from dreaming and pursuing their goals would have a devastating effect on the community as a whole.
In addition to its poignant message, the poem is notable for its vivid imagery, clever wordplay, and alliteration. In just fourteen lines, Hughes connects a range of ideas, feelings, and experiences and manages to create a powerful impression. Its lasting influence can be seen in its frequent references in popular culture, literature, and art. It has been featured in songs, poems, and plays and is one of the most widely known works of American literature.
The Impact of the Poem
The poem resonates with readers from all backgrounds due to its timeless message and its universality. It speaks to the idea that dreams are powerful and that oppressive circumstances cannot extinguish them. It encourages readers to nurture their dreams and keep them alive.
The poem also speaks to the importance of never settling for less than is deserved. In a world that favors some more than others, it is easy to become complacent and accept the hand one is dealt. However, the poem encourages readers to always strive for more and to never give up on their dreams.
At the same time, the poem highlights the challenges that many face in achieving their dreams. It acknowledges the realities of poverty and inequality and suggests that they are obstacles that must be overcome in order to achieve true success. The poem challenges readers to recognize these challenges and work to change them.
The Legacy of the Poem
The poem has had an enduring legacy since it was first published more than sixty years ago. In addition to its profoundly emotional message, the poem’s form and structure have been praised for their creativity and technical skill. The poem’s brevity and conciseness give it a directness and clarity.
The poem continues to be relevant in the present day, particularly in light of the ongoing struggle for racial justice and equality. As individuals continue to grapple with the legacy of racism and oppression, the poem serves as a reminder of the power of dreams and resilience in the face of adversity. Hughes’ poem encourages readers to embrace their dreams and keep them alive, no matter what challenges they face.
The Emotional Impact of the Poem
The poem has an emotional impact on readers due to its intense and raw imagery as well as its focus on injustice and inequality. The poem also touches on feelings of hopelessness and frustration, feelings that are familiar to many.
The poem’s focus on oppression and inequality also touches on themes of resilience, perseverance, and faith. Despite the bleakness of the poem, it also speaks to the possibilities of hope and change. It is this juxtaposition of despair and hope that gives the poem its emotional resonance.
Conclusion
Langston Hughes’ poem “Harlem” (also known as “A Dream Deferred”) is an exploration of what happens when dreams are deferred or delayed. It reflects the experiences of African Americans living in the United States during the 1950s and 60s, many of whom faced systemic racism and oppression. By reviving W.E.B Du Bois’ phrase and putting it in the title of his poem, Hughes was making a direct reference to the Black experience in America.
The poem has an enduring legacy due to its deep emotional impact, its timeless message, and its universality. It speaks to the idea that dreams are powerful and that oppressive circumstances cannot extinguish them. It encourages readers to nurture and uphold their dreams, no matter what challenges they face. As individuals continue to grapple with the legacy of racism and oppression, the poem serves as a reminder of the power of dreams and resilience in the face of adversity.
