The term meter or metre is used in poetry to refer to rhythmic units – regular and measurable arrangements of sounds in a poem. Meter exists as a literary device to structure the format of the poem and define its mood and the general feeling it conveys to its readers. A meter is the basic structural element in the poem and affects the way in which the words in the poem look, sound and ‘feel’.
The usual length of a metrical line is roughly two to four syllables. The most commonly used meters in English poetry are trochaic, iambic, anapestic, dactylic, and amphibrach. Each of these meters has its own unique feel and offers a different mood to the poem. A single meter, or combination of meters, will be used throughout the entire poem.
A metrical line has three essential parts: the stressed syllable, the non-stressed syllable and the length of the syllable. The stressed syllable is the one that carries the most emphasis in the line. The non-stressed syllable is softer and less audible. The length of the syllable depends on the type of meter employed. For example, in an iambic meter, each line will have two syllables – one stressed and one non-stressed, while in a trochaic meter, each line will have three syllables – two stressed and one non-stressed.
Using meter in a poem can add organization and structure to the work, as each mote in a poem follows a specific pattern. The meter of a poem can also contribute to the tempo and intensity of the poem, as certain meters require that certain types of words be employed.
When discussing meter in poetry, the words beat and foot are commonly used. A beat is when one sound is stressed more than another, while a foot is a unit of two or more syllables. For example, a two-syllable line is referred to as a ‘monometer’, while a three-syllable line is referred to as a ‘trimeter’. A single post contains a certain number of beats, or feet, and these individual beats are usually grouped into lines or stanzas.
Though it may seem daunting to some, mastering meter can be quite rewarding for writers of poetry. Meter helps to give a poem its rhythm, allowing writers to explore and express their craft in new and exciting ways. Meter adds structure and discipline to a poem while also allowing writers to play with the sounds used, creating more meaningful and memorable lines of poem.
Types of Meter
As mentioned earlier, there are a number of different meters used in English poetry:
- Trochaic – a meter consisting of alternating stressed and unstressed syllables, starting with a stressed syllable.
- Iambic – a meter consisting of alternating unstressed and stressed syllables, starting with an unstressed syllable.
- Anapestic – a meter consisting of three syllables per line, with the first two syllables being unstressed and the third syllable being stressed.
- Dactylic – a meter consisting of three syllables per line, with the first syllable being stressed and the other two syllables being unstressed.
- Amphibrach – a meter consisting of three syllables per line, with the middle syllable being stressed and the other two syllables being unstressed.
The Importance of Meter in Poetry
Meter is important to poetry because it provides a framework for poetic expression. The meter of a poem educates and engages the reader, adding a musical quality to the piece and providing a sense of structure and order. For example, a poem written in iambic pentameter or trochaic tetrameter will have a specific rhythmic pattern, giving the poem a distinctive feel that may remain with the reader long after the poem has been read.
Additionally, different meters create different feelings in readers. For example, a poem written in iambic pentameter will have a more formal, elaborate and sophisticated feel than a poem written in anapestic meter, which may offer a more playful, whimsical mood. By experimenting with different meters, poets can create an atmosphere and evoke certain emotions in the poem and its readers.
Using Meter When Writing Poetry
When writing a poem, it is important to consider the type of meter that best suits the subject matter and mood of the poem. For example, a poem about a solemn topic may require a more somber type of meter, while a poem that is joyful and playful may require a more light-hearted meter. By using the right meter, a writer can more effectively convey both the emotion and meaning behind the poem.
Additionally, it is important to consider the length of the meter used when writing a poem. Shorter meters may be used for shorter poems or for a specific effect, while longer meters may be necessary for longer poems or for a more dramatic or formal effect. In either case, it is important to consider the length of meter when writing a poem, as the meter can affect the overall feel and flow of the poem.
Exploring Meter Further
For those looking to explore meter in poetry more deeply, there are a number of resources available. A quick internet search can reveal a wealth of information on different meters, as well as insights and perspectives from experts on the subject. Additionally, local libraries and bookstores may offer books on meter, as well as poetry collections written in various meters. Experimenting with different meters can be both informative and inspiring, as writers can learn to recognize and appreciate different styles of meter.
Meter and Context
When considering the use of meter in poetry, it is essential to consider the context of the poem. Meter can add a sense of structure and order to a poem, but it can also potentially limit the poet’s creative expression by placing too many restraints on their words and ideas. As such, it is important to consider the context of the poem when determining the type and length of meter used.
For example, a poem about a serious or somber topic may require a different type of meter than a poem about a light-hearted or whimsical subject. It is important to consider the context of the poem when choosing a meter as this can affect the overall tone and feel of the poem. Additionally, longer meters may be necessary for certain types of poems, while shorter meters may be more suitable for others.
Meter and Form
When discussing meter in poetry, the two terms form and structure may also be used. Structure refers to the arrangement of the words in a poem and how they are used to create a rhythm, while form refers to the overall shape and design of the poem. Form can refer to the length of the poem, the use of enjambment or caesura, and even the number of stanzas. As such, form should be considered when talking about meter in poetry.
For example, if a poem is written in an iambic pentameter, the use of enjambment or caesura can add a more lyrical feel to the poem, while a longer poem may require a more elaborate structure. Additionally, choosing a more complex form can add an extra layer of depth and meaning to the poem, as certain forms may evoke certain emotions or ideas in the reader.
Metaphor and Meter
Another important aspect of meter is metaphor. Metaphor is a literary device used to compare two unlike things, by implying a direct comparison between them. A metaphor can offer a powerful way of conveying meaning in a poem, as it allows writers to explore abstract ideas and emotions in a more concrete and tangible way. Emotional triggers can be established through the use of metaphor, thus giving the poem an emotional resonance that may be more profound than a literal statement.
When considering the use of metaphor in a poem, the meter can also have an effect. Depending on the meter used, different emotions and ideas may be evoked in the reader. For example, a more ‘staccato’ meter may evoke a more frantic or anxious mood, while a more ‘fluid’ meter may create a calmer and more peaceful atmosphere. By crafting metaphors and pairing them with the right meter, a poet can add depth and emotional resonance to their work.
Conclusion
Meter is an important element of poetry, as it provides a framework and structure for the poem, educates and engages the reader and aids in conveying meaning and emotion. Additionally, it provides a musical quality to the poem, allowing the writer to explore and express their craft in new and exciting ways. By mastering meter, a writer can create more meaningful and memorable lines of poetry.
